Effects related to spacetime foam in astrophysics

During the quantum stage, spacetime had the foam-like structure. When the Universe cools down, the foam structure tempers and does not disappear, therefore the Friedman model represents only an idealization. We show that the large scale observational effects of the foamed structure appear as the Dark Matter and Dark Energy phenomena. We also examine the scattering of free particles on the foam-like structure, and show that this scattering explains the diffuse component of the X-ray background, and provides a simple picture for the origin of Gamma-ray bursts.